Retórica: de Aristóteles a Perelman1

A palavra Retórica é originária do grego rhetoriké (arte da retórica) e tem sido entendida historicamente em diferentes acepções, mas o sentido que nos interessa no presente estudo é o da concepção aristotélica, que a identifi ca como “arte dos discursos” (Retórica I, 1,1354 a 12), isto é, “arte de produzir discursos, mais precisamente “discursos persuasivos” (pisteis), ou seja, argumentações (...)”. 1 A retórica é uma modalidade discursiva geral, aplicável às mais variadas disciplinas – uma atividade em que predomina a forma, como a gramática e a dialética, e não o conteúdo. Na concepção de Aristóteles, a retórica serve de argumentações explícitas e, por isso, representa uma verdadeira forma de racionalidade

RETÓRICA: DE ARISTÓTELES A PERELMAN

: A palavra Retórica é originária do grego rhetoriké (arte da retórica) e, tem sido entendida historicamente em diferentes acepções, mas o sentido que nos interessa no presente estudo é o da concepção aristotélica que a identifica como “arte dos discursos” (Retórica I, 1,1354 a 12), isto é, “arte de produzir discursos, mais precisamente “discursos persuasivos” (pisteis), ou seja, argumentações (...)”. 1 A retórica é uma modalidade discursiva geral, aplicável às mais variadas disciplinas - uma atividade em que predomina a forma, como a gramática e a dialética, e não o conteúdo. Na concepção de Aristóteles, a retórica serve de argumentações explícitas e, por isso, representa uma verdadeira forma de racionalidade

Supersolar Ni/Fe production in the Type IIP SN 2012ec

SN 2012ec is a Type IIP supernova (SN) with a progenitor detection and comprehensive photospheric-phase observational coverage. Here, we present Very Large Telescope and PESSTO observations of this SN in the nebular phase. We model the nebular [O I] 6300, 6364 lines and find their strength to suggest a progenitor main-sequence mass of 13-15 Msun. SN 2012ec is unique among hydrogen-rich SNe in showing a distinct and unblended line of stable nickel [Ni II] 7378. This line is produced by 58Ni, a nuclear burning ash whose abundance is a sensitive tracer of explosive burning conditions. Using spectral synthesis modelling, we use the relative strengths of [Ni II] 7378 and [Fe II] 7155 (the progenitor of which is 56Ni) to derive a Ni/Fe production ratio of 0.20pm0.07 (by mass), which is a factor 3.4pm1.2 times the solar value. High production of stable nickel is confirmed by a strong [Ni II] 1.939 micron line. This is the third reported case of a core-collapse supernova producing a Ni/Fe ratio far above the solar value, which has implications for core-collapse explosion theory and galactic chemical evolution models.Comment: Published versio

Methodological issues on the use of administrative data in healthcare research: the case of heart failure hospitalizations in Lombardy region, 2000 to 2012

BACKGROUND: Administrative data are increasingly used in healthcare research. However, in order to avoid biases, their use requires careful study planning. This paper describes the methodological principles and criteria used in a study on epidemiology, outcomes and process of care of patients hospitalized for heart failure (HF) in the largest Italian Region, from 2000 to 2012. METHODS: Data were extracted from the administrative data warehouse of the healthcare system of Lombardy, Italy. Hospital discharge forms with HF-related diagnosis codes were the basis for identifying HF hospitalizations as clinical events, or episodes. In patients experiencing at least one HF event, hospitalizations for any cause, outpatient services utilization, and drug prescriptions were also analyzed. RESULTS: Seven hundred one thousand, seven hundred one heart failure events involving 371,766 patients were recorded from 2000 to 2012. Once all the healthcare services provided to these patients after the first HF event had been joined together, the study database totalled about 91 million records. Principles, criteria and tips utilized in order to minimize errors and characterize some relevant subgroups are described. CONCLUSIONS: The methodology of this study could represent the basis for future research and could be applied in similar studies concerning epidemiology, trend analysis, and healthcare resources utilization

SN 2009ip à la PESSTO: no evidence for core collapse yet★

We present ultraviolet, optical and near-infrared observations of the interacting transient SN 2009ip, covering the period from the start of the outburst in 2012 October until the end of the 2012 observing season. The transient reached a peak magnitude o

Uric Acid And Transplantation.

Hyperuricemia is a common complication in organ transplant recipients, with a higher incidence in kidney and heart recipients. Risk factors for post-transplant hyperuricemia include reduced glomerular filtration rate, diuretic use, cyclosporine therapy, increasing age at transplant, obesity, and metabolic syndrome, as well as the presence of pretransplant hyperuricemia. The impact of hyperuricemia in patient and graft survival is unclear because uric acid only recently has been considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and graft survival. The effect of uric acid on graft function remains controversial, with studies suggesting that uric acid is an independent risk factor for chronic allograft dysfunction, contrasting with other studies suggesting that hyperuricemia is only a marker of reduced glomerular filtration rate. Strategies to reduce uric acid levels include reduction or avoidance of cyclosporine treatment, adequacy of antihypertension treatment, avoidance of diuretics, nutritional management, and use of uric acid-lowering agents. In this article, we review the incidence and risk factors for the development of post-transplant hyperuricemia, the effect of different immunosuppressive regimens in uric acid handling, and recent results from studies comparing uric acid levels and renal function in organ transplant recipients that try to identify which comes first: hyperuricemia or chronic allograft dysfunction?31466-7

Techniques of Ozone Monitoring in a Mountain Forest Region: Passive and Continuous Sampling, Vertical and Canopy Profiles

Ozone is the most harmful air pollutant for plant ecosystems in the Mediterranean and Alpine areas due to its biological and economic damage to crops and forests. In order to evaluate the relation between ozone exposure and vegetation injury under on-field conditions, suitable ozone monitoring techniques were investi-gated. In the framework of a 5-year research project aimed at ozone risk assessment on forests, both continuous analysers and passive samplers were employed during the summer seasons (1994�1998) in different sites of a wide mountain region (80 x 40 km2) on the southern slope of the European Alps. Continuous analysers allowed the recording of ozone hourly concentration means necessary both to calculate specific exposure indexes (such as AOT, SUM, W126) and to record daily time-courses. Passive samplers, even though supplied only weekly mean concentration values, made it possible to estimate the altitude concentration gradient useful to correct the altitude dependence of ozone concentrations to be inserted into exposure indexes. In-canopy ozone profiles were also determined by placing passive samplers at different heights inside the forest canopy. Vertical ozone soundings by means of tethered balloons (kytoons) allowed the measurement of the vertical concentration gradient above the forest canopy. They also revealed ozone reservoirs aloft and were useful to explain the ozone advection dynamic in mountain slopes where ground measurement proved to be inadequate. An intercomparison between passive (PASSAM, CH) and continuous measurements highlighted the necessity to accurately standardize all the exposure operations, particularly the pre- and postexposure conservation at cold temperature to avoid dye (DPE) activity. Advantages and disadvantages from each mentioned technique are discussed

Ozone risk assessment and mapping in the Alps based on data from passive samplers

Passive samplers (diffusion tubes with organic reagent, produced by Passam of Switzerland) were used in a sampling campaign for the detection of weekly mean ozone concentrations in 15 sites over a domain of 80 x 40 km on the southern side of the European Alps from May to August 1998. The area is characterized by vast natural terrain of complex topography, with conifer and broadleaf forests. It is difficult to access and monitor air quality there with continuous analysers. By applying geostatistical techniques (ordinary kriging), and correcting the interpolated ozone concentrations according to the altitude of each single grid cell (2 x 2 km), maps of weekly ozone concentrations were produced. The weekly ozone data were used to assess daily and hourly data by means of an iterative procedure based on a functional dependence of ozone concentrations both on altitude and on the time of day. This allowed the estimation of values with an exposure index such as AOT40 (accumulated exposure over the threshold of 40 ppb) in all 800 cells of the domain. This also allowed the mapping of risk assessment related to the effects of ozone on the regional forest vegetation. Results obtained show values that exceed the exposure standards adopted in the Kuopio protocol (1996). Excess exposure values also match values calculated over a wider territorial domain by using hourly data on ozone concentration derived from continuous automatic analysers

Trends in heart failure hospitalizations, patient characteristics, in-hospital and 1-year mortality: A population study, from 2000 to 2012 in Lombardy

Background: This study was undertaken to evaluate trends in heat failure hospitalizations (HFHs) and 1-year mortality of HFH in Lombardy, the largest Italian region, from 2000 to 2012.Methods: Hospital discharge forms with HF-related ICD-9 CM codes collected from 2000 to 2012 by the regional healthcare service (n = 699797 in 370538 adult patients), were analyzed with respect to in-hospital and 1-year mortality; Group (G) 1 included most acute HF episodes with primary cardiac diagnosis (70%); G2 included cardiomyopathies without acute HF codes (17%); and G3 included non-cardiac conditions with HF as secondary diagnosis (13%). Patients experiencing their first HFH since 2005 were analyzed as incident cases (n = 216782).Results: Annual HFHs number (mean 53830) and in-hospital mortality (9.4%) did not change over the years, the latter being associated with increasing age (p = 85 y (22.3% to 31.4%, p < 0.0001). Mortality lowered over time in <75 y incident cases, both in-hospital (5.15% to 4.36%, p < 0.0001) and at 1-year (14.8% to 12.9%, p = 0.0006).Conclusions: The overall burden and mortality of HFH appear stable for more than a decade. However, from 2005 to 2012, there was a reduction of new, incident cases, with increasing age at first hospitalization. Meanwhile, both in-hospital and 1-year mortality decreased in patients aged <75 y, possibly due to improved prevention and treatment. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved